Apr 26, 2010

Adalius thomas in live concerns

Adalius Thomas | #96 | OLB

New England Patriots | Official Team Site

Height: 6-2 Weight: 270 Age: 32
Born: 8/18/1977 Equality , AL
College: Southern Mississippi
Experience: 11th season
High School: Central Coosa HS [Rockford, AL]

team rosters quick stats (2009)

TCKL
34

SCK
3.0

FF
0

INT
--

* Tackle data not available before 2001

Recent Games more
WK	OPP	RESULT		Tackles					Interceptions						Fumbles
WK	OPP	RESULT		Comb	Total	Ast	Sck	SFTY	PDef	Int	Yds	Avg	Lng	TDs	FF
15	@ BUF	W 17-10		3	2	1	0.0	--	0	--	--	0.0	--	--	0
16	JAC	W 35-7		3	3	0	0.0	--	0	--	--	0.0	--	--	0
17	@ HOU	L 27-34		0	--	--	--	--	--	--	--	0.0	--	--	--

Career Stats more
Season	Team			Tackles					Interceptions						Fumbles
Season	Team	G	GS	Comb	Total	Ast	Sck	SFTY	PDef	Int	Yds	Avg	Lng	TDs	FF
2009	New England Patriots	14	11	34	26	8	3.0	--	2	--	--	0.0	--	--	0
2008	New England Patriots	9	9	34	25	9	5.0	--	4	--	--	0.0	--	--	0
2007	New England Patriots	16	15	78	57	21	6.5	0	8	1	65	65.0	65T	1	2
2006	Baltimore Ravens	16	16	83	64	19	11.0	1	6	1	7	7.0	7	0	0
2005	Baltimore Ravens	16	16	84	69	15	9.0	0	3	2	48	24.0	28	1	4
2004	Baltimore Ravens	16	16	72	55	17	8.0	--	4	1	8	8.0	8	0	4
2003	Baltimore Ravens	13	11	43	40	3	4.0	--	6	--	--	0.0	--	--	1
2002	Baltimore Ravens	16	12	52	39	13	3.0	0	5	2	57	28.5	32	1	1
2001	Baltimore Ravens	16	3	37	30	7	3.5	--	7	--	--	0.0	--	--	3
2000	Baltimore Ravens	3	0	--	--	--	0.0	--	0	--	--	0.0	--	--	0
TOTAL				517	405	112	53.0	1	45	7	185	--	65	3	15

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Types of Oil Rig Jobs and live concerns

Like any workplace, there is a hierarchy of jobs on an oil rig. When you're breaking in there's a good chance you will start out on the bottom step of the ladder unless you possess specialized skills, training, and education.

Fortunately, even pay for the most physically demanding, entry-level oil jobs is not too bad. Roughnecks earn between $15.00 and $20.00 per hour depending on the work location and company. With overtime included, the average annual income is more than $30,000 per year.
Crews on oil drilling rigs operate in drilling crews, which are teams of people with specified tasks and responsibilities. The rigs usually operate day and night, 7 days per week, with three or four separate crews putting in either 8- hour 12-hour shifts. It would be common to go eight hours on, eight hours off or 12 on, 12 off. This is the same whether the rig is on land or offshore.
When everyone is working well together on their team, the drilling operation gets the job done safely and efficiently. It can be challenging to keep ones composure when it's hot, when temperatures reach 30-below, or in rough weather offshore.
Here's the typical organization structure on a drilling rig:

Rig Manager or Toolpusher
Driller
Derrickhand
Motorhand
Roughneck
Roustabout

Each of the teams is comprised of the driller (or ro tary driller), derrickhand, motorhand, roustabout, and roughneck. The rigs themselves are owned and operated by a drilling contractor, who goes out and wins bids from exploration companies.
QUICK FACT…As of November 2007, there were 1,594 rotary oil rigs in the United States. Of those, 1,498 are on land and 93 offshore. (Source, Baker-Hughes).

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Apr 25, 2010

weight loss and our live concerns

Popular Diet Plans: From Atkins to Weight Watchers for live concerns

By Jennifer R. Scott, About.com Guide to Weight Loss

If you are interested in going on a diet, start your research here. These resources provide details on some of the more popular diets out there, including the Atkins Diet, Weight Watchers, the South Beach Diet, and many more. This information will help you make a decision about the diet that is right for you.

The Atkins Diet

The Atkins Diet is based on the theory that over-consumption of and hypersensitivity to carbohydrates is the root of being overweight. According to Dr. Atkins, this is solved by restricting "bad" carbohydrates (like those found in processed or pre-packaged foods) and instead following a high-protein eating plan.

The South Beach Diet

The South Beach Diet is one of the most popular diet plans of all time. But that doesn't mean it's right for everyone. Before you decide if it's the diet for you, take a look at these articles about The South Beach Diet.

Weight Watchers

Weight Watchers is one of the most successful and well-known weight-loss programs available. It is offered throughout the world both as a meetings-based program -- where a leader instructs members in a group setting -- and online at WeightWatchers.com.

More Popular Diet Plans

These diets offer a variety of different weight-loss approaches, from eating five times a day to allowing "treats" regularly to keep you motivated to eat right the rest of the time. If you're looking for something less strict than low carb but not as flexible as Weight Watchers, one of these plans might be ideal for you.

Lose Weight Without Dieting

There are a lot of good diets out there, but that doesn't mean you have to follow one of them in order to lose weight. After all, following a diet book's sometimes confusing guidelines, eating foods only on an "allowed" list, or basing your diet on packaged meals isn't always the best, long-term solution to weight management. To learn how to lose weight without following a set diet, take a look at these resources.

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weight loss in live concerns

Low Calorie Recipes

Cooking at home is an ideal way to control calories -- you're in charge of exactly what goes into each dish, how much of any higher-calorie ingredient is used and how large your portions are. These recipe selections from the About.com Guide to low calorie cooking are a great place to start. Dishes include chicken parmesan, Chinese stir fry and desserts. Even if you are new to cooking, you will enjoy learning to prepare these delicious low calorie recipes.

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weight lose for live concerns

Counting Calories in live concerns

Calorie-counting is the "math" behind long-term, successful weight loss. By understanding your body's caloric needs and how to track calories in the food you consume, you truly can learn how to eat almost anything you want and still lose weight.

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weight loss and live concerns

Eat Right: Make Smarter Choices about Healthy Eatingin live concerns

Eating right is the first step toward long-term successful weight loss. From understanding basic nutrition principles and counting calories, to making healthful restaurant choices, the basics are covered here.

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Brett Michaels Hospital: Bret Michaels Brain Hemorrhage in live concerns

Brett Michaels Hospital - Bret Michaels Brain Hemorrhage - Brett Michael was rushed to hospital late Thursday evening. Doctors said that he had suffered subarachnoid hemorrhage.

Brett Michaels Hospital

FOR IMMEDIATE RELEASE

PR Log (Press Release) – Apr 24, 2010 – Brett Michaels Hospital: Brett Michael was rushed to hospital late Thursday evening. Doctors said that he has been suffering with “excruciating” headache. Doctors came upon a conclusion that on April 22, 2010, he had suffered subarachnoid hemorrhage. He is still in Intensive Care Unit.

On April 12, 2010, after suffering from stomach pains, Brett Michaels was rushed to hospital for an emergency appendectomy. Well, we do not have any information right now until he is done with additional tests.

According to http://livenews-updates.blogspot.com/ , he was diagnosed as Diabetic Patient. A week ago, it was disclosed that he had an emergency appendectomy earlier this month.

Later this year, his latest album ‘Custom Built’ is set to be released. Lately, he recorded a song along with Disney starlet Miley Cyrus.

The singer and reality star had no health problem till just a few days ago. He is among the people who are always in great shape and good health. So it came as a big shock for his fans who were told of his ill health and the sudden deterioration in his health.

According to his publicist Joann Mignano, Bret Michaels is in New York and he confirmed that he is in critical condition. He said that after several CAT scans, MRIs and an angiogram, doctors has decided to put Michaels in ICU. He is being examined thoroughly to determine the cause. Earlier, there was lot of rumors he was died due to subarachnoid hemorrhage. But, those rumors are false.

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Apr 24, 2010

Bret Michaels and live concerns

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Bret Michaels
Bret Michaels live with Poison on July 11, 2008 at the Moondance Jam
Background information
Birth name	Bret Michael Sychak
Born	March 15, 1963 (1963-03-15) (age 47)^[1]
Origin	Butler, Pennsylvania, U.S.
Genres	Glam metal Hard rock, Country rock
Instruments	Vocals, Guitar, Harmonica, Percussion
Years active	1983 – present
Labels	Capitol Records Cyanide Music Inc. VH1 Classic Records
Associated acts	Poison, Jessica Andrews
Website	BretMichaels.com

Bret Michaels (born Bret Michael Sychak, March 15, 1963) is an American singer, best known as the lead vocalist of the glam metal band Poison. Besides his career as lead singer, he has several solo albums to his credit, as well as one chart single. He has also starred in the VH1 reality show Rock of Love with Bret Michaels and its sequels, and as a judge on the talent show Nashville Star. He is a contestant on NBC's reality show Celebrity Apprentice 3.

Early life

Michaels was born in Butler, Pennsylvania.^[1] He was diagnosed with Type 1 diabetes at the age of six (as Michaels later attested in the Behind the Music special, backstage photos of the singer injecting insulin led many to think that he was a heroin addict). When he was a child, his family relocated to Mechanicsburg, Pennsylvania, where he attended Mechanicsburg Area Senior High School.

Music career

Michaels' music career began with the creation of the band Paris, in Harrisburg, Pennsylvania in 1983. After several lineup changes his band was renamed Poison, and moved to Los Angeles later that same year. Poison became one of the biggest glam metal bands in the world and also recorded several hit albums such as the multi-platinum selling, Open Up and Say...Ahh!.
Michaels recorded his first solo album in 1998 A Letter from Death Row, the soundtrack to the same-titled movie he directed, wrote, and starred in. In 2003, he released the studio album Songs of Life which featured the singles "Raine" and "Bittersweet". Michaels also served as a judge during the 2005 season of reality television singing competition Nashville Star and released a country rock album in the same year called Freedom of Sound which featured the singles "Right Now, Right Here", "Open Road" and the hit single "All I Ever Needed" (featuring Jessica Andrews). Michaels released a best of album called Rock My World in June 2008 which featured music from his reality television series Rock of Love including the new singles "Go That Far" (Rock of Love theme), "Fallen" and "Start Again", the first 2 also featuring music videos with clips from the series and the album charted at #40 on the Billboard 200 and #4 on the Independent Albums.^[2] In December 2008 Bret released a single version of "Driven" (rock mix) which also featured a music video with preview clips for Rock of Love Bus and he also re released the "Fallen" single with acoustic, piano and demo versions included.^[3]
Michaels released a 30-minute DVD from (Time Life) in 2008 called Hard & Heavy Confidential featuring Bret Michaels which included acoustic versions of "All I Ever Needed", "Driven", "Every Rose Has Its Thorn" and "Something to Believe In", it also included in depth interviews.^[4] The DVD was included in the Hard & Heavy cd/dvd collection from (Time Life) advertised on TV by Bret Michaels. The same 4 acoustic performances were also released on CD which was titled "Bret Michaels Acoustic Sessions."^[5]
In 2010, Michaels released a new single called "Nothing to Lose" from his upcoming new studio album titled "Custom Built". The song featured the guest vocals of Miley Cyrus. ^[6]

Rock of Love

In February 2007, the cable TV network VH1 announced that Michaels would star as the bachelor in the reality television dating competition series Rock of Love with Bret Michaels.^[7]^[8] Jes Rickleff was the winner of the first season of the series. However, she announced during the reunion show that she and Michaels were not right for each other and told runner-up Heather he was all hers and that he should have chosen Heather. The first season was released on DVD in early 2008.
Michaels went on to star in the second season of Rock of Love, which premiered on January 13, 2008. On April 13, 2008, Michaels selected Ambre Lake as his "Rock of Love". Lake and Michaels have since broken up.^{[citation needed]}
A third season, Rock of Love Bus premiered on January 4, 2009. In August 2009, Michaels stated in a interview with VH1 that he and winner Taya Parker were no longer together. When asked about a fourth season of Rock of Love, Michaels said "Now they want me to come back for a fourth 'Rock of Love.' I feel that it should be something that changes up, but I still want that fun element. What you see is what you get with me."^[9]

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Brett Michaels Hospital: Bret Michaels Brain Hemorrhage for live concerns

Apr 24, 2010 – Brett Michaels Hospital: Brett Michael was rushed to hospital late Thursday

evening. Doctors said that he has been suffering with “excruciating”

headache. Doctors came upon a conclusion that on April 22, 2010, he had suffered subarachnoid hemorrhage. He is still in Intensive Care Unit.

On April 12, 2010, after suffering from stomach pains, Brett Michaels was rushed to hospital for an emergency appendectomy. Well, we do not have any information right now until he is done with additional tests.

According to http://livenews-updates.blogspot.com/ , he was diagnosed as Diabetic Patient. A week ago, it was disclosed that he had an emergency appendectomy earlier this month.

Later this year, his latest album ‘Custom Built’ is set to be released. Lately, he recorded a song along with Disney starlet Miley Cyrus.

The singer and reality star had no health problem till just a few days ago. He is among the people who are always in great shape and good health. So it came as a big shock for his fans who were told of his ill health and the sudden deterioration in his health.

According to his publicist Joann Mignano, Bret Michaels is in New York and he confirmed that he is in critical condition. He said that after several CAT scans, MRIs and an angiogram, doctors has decided to put Michaels in ICU. He is being examined thoroughly to determine the cause. Earlier, there was lot of rumors he was died due to subarachnoid hemorrhage. But, those rumors are false.Later this year, his latest album ‘Custom Built’ is set to be released. Lately, he recorded a song along with Disney starlet Miley Cyrus.

The singer and reality star had no health problem till just a few days ago. He is among the people who are always in great shape and good health. So it came as a big shock for his fans who were told of his ill health and the sudden deterioration in his health.

According to his publicist Joann Mignano, Bret Michaels is in New York and he confirmed that he is in critical condition. He said that after several CAT scans, MRIs and an angiogram, doctors has decided to put Michaels in ICU. He is being examined thoroughly to determine the cause. Earlier, there was lot of rumors he was died due to subarachnoid hemorrhage. But, those rumors are false.

Later this year, his latest album ‘Custom Built’ is set to be released. Lately, he recorded a song along with Disney starlet Miley Cyrus.

The singer and reality star had no health problem till just a few days ago. He is among the people who are always in great shape and good health. So it came as a big shock for his fans who were told of his ill health and the sudden deterioration in his health.

According to his publicist Joann Mignano, Bret Michaels is in New York and he confirmed that he is in critical condition. He said that after several CAT scans, MRIs and an angiogram, doctors has decided to put Michaels in ICU. He is being examined thoroughly to determine the cause. Earlier, there was lot of rumors he was died due to subarachnoid hemorrhage. But, those rumors are false.

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hubble images and live concerns

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how to eliminate cancer disease and live concerns

AFTER YEARS OF TELLING PEOPLE CHEMOTHERAPY IS THE ONLY WAY TO TRY ('TRY', BEING THE KEY WORD) TO ELIMINATE CANCER, JOHNS HOPKINS IS FINALLY STARTING TO TELL YOU THERE IS AN ALTERNATIVE WAY.

Cancer Update from Johns Hopkins:

1. Every person has cancer cells in the body. These cancer cells do not show up in the standard tests until they have multiplied to a few billion. When doctors tell cancer patients that there are no more cancer cells in their bodies after treatment, it just means the tests are unable to detect the cancer cells because they have not reached the detectable size.

2. Cancer cells occur between 6 to more than 10 times in a person's lifetime.

3 When the person's immune system is strong the cancer cells will be destroyed and prevented from multiplying and forming tumors.

4. When a person has cancer it indicates the person has multiple nutritional deficiencies. These could be due to genetic, environmental, food and lifestyle factors.

5. To overcome the multiple nutritional deficiencies, changing diet and including supplements will strengthen the immune system.

6. Chemotherapy involves poisoning the rapidly-growing cancer cells and also destroys rapidly-growing healthy cells in the bone marrow, gastrointestinal tract etc, and can cause organ damage, like liver, kidneys, heart, lungs etc.

7. Radiation while destroying cancer cells also burns, scars and damages healthy cells, tissues and organs.

8. Initial treatment with chemotherapy and radiation will often reduce tumor size. However prolonged use of chemotherapy and radiation do not result in more tumor destruction.

9. When the body has too much toxic burden from chemotherapy and radiation the immune system is either compromised or destroyed, hence the person can succumb to various kinds of infections and complications.
10. Chemotherapy and radiation can cause cancer cells to mutate and become resistant and difficult to destroy. Surgery can also cause cancer cells to spread to other sites.

11. An effective way to battle cancer is to starve the cancer cells by not feeding it with the foods it needs to multiply

*CANCER CELLS FEED ON:

a. Sugar is a cancer-feeder. By cutting off sugar it cuts off one important food supply to the cancer cells. Sugar substitutes like NutraSweet, Equal, Spoonful, etc are made with Aspartame and it is harmful. A better natural substitute would be Manuka honey or molasses, but only in very small amounts. Table salt has a chemical added to make it white in color. Better alternative is Bragg's amino or sea salt.
b. Milk causes the body to produce mucus, especially in the gastro-intestinal tract.. Cancer feeds on mucus. By cutting off milk and substituting with unsweetened soy milk cancer cells are being starved.

c. Cancer cells thrive in an acid environment. A meat-based diet is acidic and it is best to eat fish, and a little chicken rather than beef or pork. Meat also contains livestock antibiotics, growth hormones and parasites, which are all harmful, especially to people with cancer.

d. A diet made of 80% fresh vegetables and juice, whole grains, seeds, nuts and a little fruits help put the body into an alkaline environment. About 20% can be from cooked food including beans. Fresh vegetable juices provide live enzymes that are easily absorbed and reach down to cellular levels within 15 minutes to nourish and enhance growth of healthy cells. To obtain live enzymes for building healthy cells try and drink fresh vegetable juice (most vegetables including bean sprouts) and eat some raw vegetables 2 or 3 times a day. Enzymes are destroyed at temperatures of 104 degrees F (40 degrees C) ..

e. Avoid coffee, tea, and chocolate, which have high caffeine. Green tea is a better alternative and has cancer fighting properties. Water-best to drink purified water, or filtered, to avoid known toxins and heavy metals in tap water. Distilled water is acidic, avoid it.

12. Meat protein is difficult to digest and requires a lot of digestive enzymes. Undigested meat remaining in the intestines becomes putrefied and leads to more toxic buildup.

13. Cancer cell walls have a tough protein covering. By refraining from or eating less meat it frees more enzymes to attack the protein walls of cancer cells and allows the body's killer cells to destroy the cancer cells.

14. Some supplements build up the immune system (IP 6, Flor-ssence, Essiac, anti-oxidants, vitamins, minerals, EFAs etc.) to enable the bodies own killer cells to destroy cancer cells. Other supplements like vitamin E are known to cause apoptosis, or programmed cell death, the body's normal method of disposing of damaged, unwanted, or unneeded cells.

15. Cancer is a disease of the mind, body, and spirit. A proactive and positive spirit will help the cancer warrior be a survivor. Anger, un-forgiveness and bitterness put the body into a stressful and acidic environment. Learn to have a loving and forgiving spirit. Learn to relax and enjoy life.

16. Cancer cells cannot thrive in an oxygenated environment. Exercising daily, and deep breathing help to get more oxygen down to the cellular level. Oxygen therapy is another means employed to destroy cancer cells.

1. No plastic containers in micro.

2. No water bottles in freezer.

3. No plastic wrap in microwave.

Johns Hopkins has recently sent this out in its newsletters. This information is being circulated at Walter Reed Army Medical Center as well. Dioxin chemicals cause cancer, especially breast cancer. Dioxins are highly poisonous to the cells of our bodies. Don't freeze your plastic bottles with water in them as this releases dioxins from the plastic. Recently, Dr. Edward Fujimoto, Wellness Program Manager at Castle Hospital, was on a TV program to explain this health hazard. He talked about dioxins and how bad they are for us. He said that we should not be heating our food in the microwave using plastic containers. This especially applies to foods that contain fat. He said that the combination of fat, high heat, and plastics releases dioxin into the food and ultimately into the cells of the body. Instead, he recommends using glass, such as Corning Ware, Pyrex or ceramic containers for heating food You get the same results, only without the dioxin. So such things as TV dinners, instant ramen and soups, etc., should be removed from the container and heated in something else. Paper isn't bad but you don't know what is in the paper. It's just safer to use tempered glass, Corning Ware, etc. He reminded us that a while ago some of the fast food restaurants moved away from the foam containers to paper. The dioxin problem is one of the reasons.

Also, he pointed out that plastic wrap, such as Saran, is just as dangerous when placed over foods to be cooked in the microwave. As the food is nuked, the high heat causes poisonous toxins to actually melt out of the plastic wrap and drip into the food. Cover food with a paper towel instead. This is an article that should be sent to anyone important in your life.

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MRI and live concerns

What is MRI of the Head?
Physicians also use the MR examination to document
brain abnormalities in patients with dementia.
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a noninvasive

medical test that helps physicians diagnose and treat
medical conditions.
How should I prepare?
MR imaging uses a powerful magnetic field, radio
You may be asked to wear a gown during the exam or
frequency pulses and a computer to produce detailed
you may be allowed to wear your own clothing if it is
pictures of organs, soft tissues, bone and virtually all
loose-fitting and has no metal fasteners.
other internal body structures. The images can then be
examined on a computer monitor, printed or copied to
Guidelines about eating and drinking before an MRI
CD. MRI does not use ionizing radiation (x-rays).
exam vary with the specific exam and also with the
facility. Unless you are told otherwise, you may follow
Detailed MR images allow physicians to better evaluate
your regular daily routine and take medications as usual.
parts of the body and certain diseases that may not be
assessed adequately with other imaging methods such as
Some MRI examinations may require the patient to
x-ray, ultrasound or computed tomography (also called
swallow contrast material or receive an injection of
CT or CAT scanning).
contrast into the bloodstream. The radiologist or
technologist may ask if you have allergies of any kind,
Currently, MRI is the most sensitive imaging test of the
such as allergy to iodine or x-ray contrast material,
head (particularly in the brain) in routine clinical
drugs, food, the environment, or asthma. However, the
practice.
contrast material used for an MRI exam, called

gadolinium, does not contain iodine and is less likely to
cause an allergic reaction.
What are some common uses
The radiologist should also know if you have any serious
of the procedure?
health problems and what surgeries you have undergone.
Some conditions, such as severe kidney disease may
MR imaging of the head is performed to help diagnose:
prevent you from having an MRI with contrast material.    tumors of the brain.
Women should always inform their physician or    developmental anomalies of the brain.
technologist if there is any possibility that they are    vascular anomalies of the head (aneurysm for
pregnant. MRI has been used for scanning patients since
example).
the 1980’s with no reports of any ill effects on pregnant    disorders of the eyes and the inner ear.
women or their babies. However, because the baby will    stroke.
be in a strong magnetic field, pregnant women should
not have this exam unless the potential benefit from the    trauma patients (in selected patients).
MRI is assumed to outweigh the potential risks.     disease in the pituitary gland.    certain chronic disorders of the nervous system,
If you have claustrophobia (fear of enclosed spaces) or
such as multiple sclerosis.
anxiety, you may want to ask your physician for a
prescription for a mild sedative.    causes of headache.
September 22, 2008 MRI of the Head…1
Copyright © 2008 RSNA RadiologyInfo: http://www.radiologyinfo.org/

Jewelry and other accessories should be left at home if
What does the equipment
possible, or removed prior to the MRI scan. Because they
look like?
can interfere with the magnetic field of the MRI unit,
metal and electronic objects are not allowed in the exam
The traditional MRI unit is a large cylinder-shaped tube
room. These items include:
surrounded by a circular magnet. You will lie on a
moveable examination table that slides into the center of    jewelry, watches, credit cards and hearing aids,
the magnet.
all of which can be damaged.
Some MRI units, called short-bore systems, are designed    pins, hairpins, metal zippers and similar metallic
so that the magnet does not completely surround you;
items, which can distort MRI images.
others are open on all sides (open MRI). These units are
especially helpful for examining patients who are fearful    removable dental work.
of being in a closed space and for those who are very    pens, pocketknives and eyeglasses.
obese. Newer open MRI units may provide high quality
images for many types of exams; however, open MRI    body piercings.
units with older magnets may not provide this same
quality. Certain types of exams cannot be performed
In most cases, an MRI exam is safe for patients with
using open MRI. For more information, consult your
metal implants, except for a few types. People with the
doctor.
following implants cannot be scanned and should not
enter the MRI scanning area unless explicitly instructed
The computer workstation that processes the imaging
to do so by a radiologist or technologist who is aware of
information is located in a separate room than the
the presence of any of the following:
scanner.    internal (implanted) defibrillator or pacemaker
    cochlear (ear) implant    some types of clips used on brain aneurysms.
You should tell the technologist if you have any medical
or electronic devices in your body, because they may
interfere with the exam or potentially pose a risk.
Examples include, but are not limited to:    artificial heart valves    implanted drug infusion ports
    implanted electronic device, including a cardiac

pacemaker     artificial limbs or metallic joint prostheses    implanted nerve stimulators    metal pins, screws, plates or surgical staples.
In general, metal objects used in orthopedic surgery pose
no risk during MRI. However, a recently placed artificial
joint may require the use of another imaging procedure.
If there is any question of their presence, an x-ray may
be taken to detect the presence of any metal objects.
Patients who might have metal objects in certain parts of

their bodies may also require an x-ray prior to an MRI.

Dyes used in tattoos may contain iron and could heat up
during MRI, but this is rarely a problem. Tooth fillings
and braces usually are not affected by the magnetic field
but they may distort images of the facial area or brain, so
the radiologist should be aware of them.
MRI of the Head…2 September 22, 2008
RadiologyInfo: http://www.radiologyinfo.org/ Copyright © 2008 RSNA

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Apr 23, 2010

Pulse Oximetry and live concerns

Probably no device has had such widespread and quick acceptance into clinical
instrumentation in the past 20 years as the pulse oximeter.

The modern pulse oximeter should not be confused with the ear oximeter, which was
marketed in the mid 1970s. The technology is quite different; the old system, which
used eight wavelength detectors, could only be used on the earlobe, required
heating of the area, and was not portable. Another early version used a fiber-optic
cable for light transmission and detection as it was too big to be put into a probe
that could be comfortably applied to the patient.

Much of the original work on pulse oximetry was to develop a noninvasive method of
determining cardiac output. The side effect of getting a good correlation on blood
oxygen levels (SpO2) proved to be the marketable product, and research on using
the technology for cardiac output basically stopped. An urban legend developed
saying that both the pulse oximeter and Viagra were side effects of the prime
objective of the engineering work, one measuring cardiac output and the other
increasing it.

The “modern” pulse oximeter owes much of its success to William New, MD, PhD,
who introduced the Nellcor unit in the mid 1980s. Ohmeda introduced the Biox II in
the mid 1980s, this time using microprocessors, another major factor in the
utilization of pulse oximetry. Additional credit must be given to the malpractice
insurance companies that told anesthesiologists that if they used pulse oximetry their
premiums would be reduced.

The pulse oximeter works on a reasonably simple principle of light absorption, as
defined by the Beer-Lambert law, sometimes called Bouguet’s law, depending on the
textbook. Basically, the law states that light is absorbed or passed through a solution
based on the concentration of the chemical in the solution for a certain light
wavelength. It was found that hemoglobin (Hb), nonoxygenated blood that is dark
red in color, and oxyhemoglobin (HbO2), oxygenated blood that is bright red in
color, have different light-absorption levels. By using two detectors—one in the 660
nm range to measure hemoglobin and the other in the 940 nm range to measure the
oxyhemoglobin—along with proprietary algorithms, the pulse oximeter can obtain
accurate clinical results on blood oxygen.

Pulse oximeters have some limitations, though, as ambient light can affect the
readings, as can shivering, low flow, very thick skin, and poor placement of the
sensors. Most of the newer designs (after 1998) have much better rejection systems
for motion artifacts. When the finger is used as the location of the probe, it is
important that the light source be placed on the nail and the detector on the soft
tissue of the finger. Needless to say, the patient should not have nail polish on. A
patient with carbon monoxide exposure will register falsely high on oxyhemoglobin
since the blood will be very red. For these patients, co-oximetry or end tidal CO2
(capnometry) will give better clinical results.

The widespread use of pulse oximetry has increased patient comfort in that far fewer
traditional blood gas measurements are taken now than in the past. If you have ever
had an arterial “stick” for a blood gas test, you know that it is quite painful. The use
of direct monitoring of blood pressure, another source of obtaining blood gas test
samples, is also down in many hospitals.

There are some problems that biomeds still have to respond to with pulse oximeters.
Bad sensors and cables are probably the most common. Some shops will “reprocess”
the sensors and detectors on disposable units; be careful on this, as you may
become a manufacturer in the eyes of the legal system and be without insurance
protection. Other common calls we get include problems with batteries, white tape
(white tape should be a controlled substance), “bounce tests” (most units do not
bounce well off the floor), and people saying, “We cannot find it on the floor so you
must have it in the shop.”

If a patient has a cardiac pacer, either internal or external, the pulse oximetry alarm
may become a secondary alarm on some monitoring systems. This can present a
problem as the patient monitor may not sound an alarm but only display a “screen
flash” if the alarm limit on the pulse oximeter is triggered. Take a little time during
the next PM cycle on the monitors to confirm how the alarms react when a patient is
being paced.

In closing, please be aware of where the alarm limits can be set for the low alarms
on your stand-alone devices, monitoring systems, and multipurpose stand-alone
units. Most of us just check the default setting and do not try to adjust the limit
down below 90. Some manufacturers will allow the user to have alarm limits as low
as 50. So take the time to check the limits.

Review Questions
1) What two light wavelengths does the modern pulse oximeter use?
a. 660 and 940 nm
b. 660 and 940 .m
c. 730 and 970 nm
d. 530 and 560 nm
2) Which of the following can affect the accuracy of a pulse oximeter?
a. low blood pressure
b. low cardiac output
c. carbon monoxide in the blood
d. all of the above
3) The 660 nm wavelength light is used to measure ____________.
a. carbon dioxide
b. hemoglobin
c. oxyhemoglobin
d. none of the above
4) The 940 nm wavelength is used to measure __________.
a. carbon dioxide
b. hemoglobin
c. oxyhemoglobin
d. all of the above.
Answers: 1-a; 2-c; 3-b; 4-c

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Introduction to CT physics and live concerns

Image generation

What is computed tomography (CT)?
Since the first CT scanner was developed in 1972 by Sir Godfrey Hounsfield,
the modality has become established as an essential radiological technique
applicable in a wide range of clinical situations.
CT uses X-rays to generate cross-sectional, two-dimensional images of the
body. Images are acquired by rapid rotation of the X-ray tube 360° around the
patient. The transmitted radiation is then measured by a ring of sensitive radiation
detectors located on the gantry around the patient (Fig. 1.1). The final image is
generated from these measurements utilizing the basic principle that the internal
structure of the body can be reconstructed from multiple X-ray projections.
Early CT scanners acquired images a single slice at a time (sequential
scanning). However, during the 1980s significant advancements in technology
heralded the development of slip ring technology, which enabled the X-ray tube
to rotate continuously in one direction around the patient. This has contributed
to the development of helical or spiral CT.
In spiral CT the X-ray tube rotates continuously in one direction whilst the
table on which the patient is lying is mechanically moved through the X-ray
beam. The transmitted radiation thus takes on the form of a helix or spiral. Instead
of acquiring data one slice at a time, information can be acquired as a continuous
volume of contiguous slices (Fig. 1.2a, b). This allows larger anatomical regions
of the body to be imaged during a single breath hold, thereby reducing the

possibility of artefacts caused by patient movement. Faster scanning also increases
patient throughput and increases the probability of a diagnostically useful scan
in patients who are unable to fully cooperate with the investigation.
Therefore to allow the observer to interpret the image, only a limited number of
HU are displayed. Aclinically useful grey scale is achieved by setting the WLand
WW on the computer console to a suitable range of Hounsfield units, depending
on the tissue being studied.
The term ‘window level’ represents the central Hounsfield unit of all the
numbers within the window width.
The window width covers the HU of all the tissues of interest and these are
displayed as various shades of grey. Tissues with CT numbers outside this range
are displayed as either black or white. Both the WL and WW can be set
independently on the computer console and their respective settings affect the
final displayed image.
For example, when performing a CT examination of the chest, a WW of 350
and WL of +40 are chosen to image the mediastinum (soft tissue) (Fig. 1.5a),
whilst an optimal WW of 1500 and WLof –600 are used to assess the lung fields
(mostly air) (Fig. 1.5b).
What is pitch?
Pitch is the distance in millimetres that the table moves during one complete
rotation of the X-ray tube, divided by the slice thickness (millimetres). Increasing
the pitch by increasing the table speed reduces dose and scanning time, but at the
cost of decreased image resolution (Fig. 1.6a, b).
Image reconstruction

Defibrillator and live concerns

Defibrillation

When sudden cardiac arrest strikes, CPR alone doesn't save lives - it is merely a
temporary measure that maintains minimal oxygen flow to the brain. Early
defibrillation is required to re-establish a regular heartbeat. A defibrillator can
deliver a controlled electrical shock to a heart that has a life-threatening rhythm,
such as ventricular fibrillation (VF). In VF, the heart's chaotic activity prevents blood
from pumping to the body and brain. Voltage stored by the defibrillator conducts
electrical current (a shock) through the chest by way of electrodes or paddles placed
on the chest. This brief pulse of current halts the chaotic activity of heart, giving the
heart a chance to re-start with a normal rhythm.

The defibrillator uses energy to deliver a shock. The amount of energy used depends on: How much voltage is used How much current is delivered The duration (length) of the shock

Energy is measured in joules (J). External defibrillators may offer a range of energy
selections. So-called "low energy" defibrillators are those that limit their energy
selections to 200J or less. Escalating energy defibrillators offer a range of energies,
starting with low energy levels with the option to increase the energy levels for
subsequent shocks.
Many people confuse current and energy. This distinction is important in
defibrillation, since defibrillators are often described in terms of energy (e.g., 200J)
but it is their current - not the energy - that defibrillates. Successful defibrillation
requires that enough current be delivered to the heart muscle during the shock.
A wave of electrical current has a shape that can be drawn as a "waveform". The
waveform shows how the flow of current changes over time during the defibrillation
shock. The highest part of the current waveform is called "peak current". Too much
peak current during the shock can injure the heart. It's the peak current (not
energy) that can injure the heart.
Defibrillation requires a true middle-of-the-road approach. You must have enough
current reach the heart to defibrillate the heart (stop the lethal rhythm), but not so
much peak current that you risk damaging the heart. In fact, low-energy shocks
from some defibrillators deliver higher peak current than higher-energy shocks from
other types of defibrillators.
Impedance is the body's resistance to the flow of current. Some people naturally
have higher impedance than others.

Certain factors can also increase impedance, such as: A large and/or hairy chest Very dry skin Excess air in the lungs Improper application of the defibrillation electrodes

You can't tell if someone has high impedance simply by looking at him or her. If
impedance is high, the heart may not receive enough current for defibrillation to be
successful. More current may be delivered by increasing the voltage and by
increasing the energy selected (more joules) on the defibrillator.
Biphasic waveforms adjust for impedance by varying the characteristics of their
waveforms. How each waveform adjusts for impedance has important consequences
- it may determine whether or not someone's life is saved.
It is important to know how each biphasic waveform adjusts for impedance to
ensure that high-impedance persons will have the same chance for survival as those
who are easily defibrillated.
Many clinical studies demonstrating the success of low-energy biphasic waveforms
were conducted in electro-physiology labs under ideal conditions. In real life, cardiac
emergencies are much less predictable. Many factors affect the chance of
defibrillation success: time elapsed before the first shock is given, placement of the
electrode pads, the person's impedance level and certain health conditions.
Therefore, it may take more current, a longer shock duration, and/or increased

voltage to ensure success. Current flow changes with time during a defibrillation
shock. When drawn on a graph, this is known as a waveform. Hearts respond
differently to different waveforms, which is why the introduction of biphasic
waveforms to external defibrillators can have a positive impact.